An operating system is an integral part of any computer or server infrastructure.In this article, we will understand how an operating system works, its main components and key functions, and how it integrates with new technologies such as cloud computing and mobile devices.

Basic Concepts of Operating Systems

Definition and Purpose

An operating system (OS) is a software package that manages a computer’s hardware resources and provides a platform for running applications. It serves as a link between the user and the device by executing commands such as running programs, processing files, or connecting to a network. For example, the OS coordinates the processor and RAM, allowing you to edit text and watch video at the same time.

Types of Operating Systems

• Multitasking:  Windows and macOS support running multiple processes at the same time, which is essential for modern users. Windows allows you to run a browser, video editor, and antivirus simultaneously.
• Embedded OS:  Used in resource-constrained devices such as microcontrollers in medical equipment or household appliances. FreeRTOS provides the real-time stability needed for CPR systems.
• Server OS:  Linux and Windows Server are optimized for processing large amounts of data. For example, Amazon Web Services uses a modified version of Linux to manage cloud servers.

Historical Evolution

OS development has come a long way from the first single-tasking systems to today’s feature-rich platforms. In the 1960s, IBM OS/360 laid the foundation for commercial OSes. In the 1980s, the advent of the graphical interface, as in the Apple Macintosh, revolutionized user interaction. Today’s OSes, such as Android, support billions of devices, from smartphones to smart watches.

Core Components

Kernel Functions

The kernel is the central component of the OS that is responsible for resource management. It includes modules for handling memory, processes, and devices: the Linux kernel supports virtualization features, allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical server.

Process Management

A process is a program in a state of execution. The OS manages processes using algorithms such as Priority Scheduling. For example, in real-time systems, high-priority tasks, such as handling alarms, run faster than background processes, such as loading data.

Memory Management

Memory management allows you to use RAM efficiently. Virtual memory in Windows allows you to run a program even if physical memory is insufficient, using part of the hard disk as an extension of RAM.

User Interface

Command Line Interface

The CLI gives users access to powerful tools. In Linux, the rsync command allows you to synchronize data between servers, which is indispensable for system administrators.

Graphical User Interface

GUIs make computers easier to use for a wide audience. An example is macOS with Dock, which allows you to quickly switch between applications using a mouse or touch screen.

Modern Interface Innovations

Modern interfaces integrate technologies such as augmented reality. For example, Microsoft HoloLens allows you to interact with apps through gestures and voice commands.

Resource Management

CPU Scheduling

The OS manages the allocation of CPU time. For example, Linux’s Completely Fair Scheduler evenly distributes resources among processes, minimizing latency.

Memory Allocation

The OS allocates memory between applications: macOS isolates memory for each process, preventing data leakage between programs.

Device Management

The OS communicates with peripheral devices through drivers. Windows automatically configures printers and cameras through Plug-and-Play etc.

File Systems

File Organization

A file system structures data. An example is EXT4 in Linux, which provides fast file indexing, which speeds up information retrieval.

Storage Management

The OS manages storage by dividing it into partitions. For example, in enterprise systems, ZFS supports real-time data backup.

Access Control

Access control protects files. Windows uses an ACL (Access Control List) model to restrict access to individual users.

Security Features

User Authentication

Modern operating systems are implementing biometric authentication. For example, Windows Hello uses facial scanning to log in.

Permission Systems

Permission systems protect resources – in Linux, the chmod command allows you to change file permissions.

Security Protocols

Operating systems support data encryption – macOS uses FileVault to protect disk contents.

Software Integration

Application Support

The OS provides a platform for applications to run on. A good example here would be Android. It supports APIs that simplify the development of mobile applications.

Driver Management

Driver management is critical for compatibility. Windows Update regularly updates graphics card drivers to ensure support for new games – this is a very important feature.

System Updates

OSes fix vulnerabilities through updates. Ubuntu, for example, releases monthly patches to improve security.

Performance Optimization

Task Prioritization

The OS prioritizes tasks. For example, Windows Real Mode allows programs to reserve CPU time for critical tasks such as video processing.

Resource Allocation

Dynamic resource allocation improves performance. For example, macOS optimizes memory usage by closing inactive applications.

System Monitoring

Tools like htop in Linux allow the administrator to see resource utilization in real time.

Modern Developments

Cloud Integration

Operating systems are integrating with cloud platforms. An example is Windows 365, which allows you to work in the cloud without depending on local hardware.

Mobile Operating Systems

Mobile operating systems support billions of devices. For example, iOS offers a power-saving mode that extends the life of the device.

Future Trends

The future of OS is tied to AI. For example, Windows Copilot uses AI to automate routine tasks like file management.